Under the new North American Industry Classification System (NAICS), workers in research and development (R&D) establishments that are not part of a manufacturing facility are included in a separate industry—research and development in the physical, engineering, and life sciences. However, due to the importance of R&D work to the aerospace manufacturing industry, aerospace-related R&D is discussed here even though a large proportion of aerospace-related R&D workers are not included in the employment data.